Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan combines low headline unemployment with an average 39 actual hours at the main job. The evidence supports meaningful productive access without treating employment itself as returned family time.

National housing water connection is very high, but rural sewerage, central heating, central hot water and bath/shower equipment remain far below urban levels.

National household statistics report food products at 52% of cash expenditure in 2025, showing that strong agricultural capacity does not remove the household money burden of nourishment.

FAO estimated 2025 cereal output at about 23 million tonnes, with wheat production about 20% above the five-year average and exports also forecast above average.

UNICEF reports 89% safely managed drinking-water access in 2022 and 98% basic sanitation, while 2024 MICS shows only 55% of the poorest households had water piped into the dwelling and annual sufficient-water availability was 85.5%.

Renewable facilities generated 8.621 billion kWh in 2025, 7% of total electricity generation excluding large hydro under the national reporting convention.

World Bank reports 100% electricity access for 2023 and the Energy Ministry reports 123.1 billion kWh generated in 2025.

WHO health-financing assessment describes high population coverage and strong public funding but flags financing sustainability, equity and provider-payment issues; WHO-linked data put out-of-pocket spending at 27.64% of current health expenditure in 2023.

WHO-derived UHC coverage is 83 for 2023 and official life expectancy reached 75.97 years in 2025.

OECD PISA 2022 found Kazakhstan below the OECD average in mathematics, reading and science; only 36% of students reached at least Level 2 in reading.

UNICEF’s 2024 MICS-based analysis reports net attendance of 90% in primary, 91% in lower secondary and 96% in upper secondary education.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs recorded 34,146 injury/death road crashes in 2025, with 2,330 people killed and 49,220 injured.

Official statistics report 1.943 billion passenger trips in 2025 and 88.9 billion passenger-km, both above 2024.

Official 2025 data record 115.9 thousand marriages and 45.7 thousand divorces. These are period counts rather than a cohort divorce probability and are not treated as one.

UNICEF’s 2025 annual report says MICS 2024 found only 68.7% of children age 3–5 accessing preschool despite much higher official enrollment figures, with rural, low-income and disabled children least likely to access affordable quality preschool.

Kazakhstan recorded 115.9 thousand marriages and 335 thousand births in 2025, alongside positive natural population growth.

Kazakhstan recognizes private and state land rights, but current agricultural land access operates through regulated land-use rights and paid ownership/lease mechanisms rather than a universal free productive-ground entitlement.

Kazakhstan covers about 272.5 million hectares and agricultural land was reported at about 117.1 million hectares in 2024, creating substantial physical room for food, settlement and ecological systems.

The national SDG report records a suicide mortality rate of 7.21 per 100,000 in 2024, with substantial sex and rural-urban differences.

Kazakhstan reported 30.9 million hectares of specially protected natural areas at 1 January 2025, equal to 11.37% of national territory.

World Happiness Report 2026 places Kazakhstan 33rd with a 2025 life evaluation of 6.633/10.

Protected areas cover 11.37% of territory; forest resource area reached 13.9 million hectares at end-2024 and was 10.1% above 2014. Kazakhstan has also committed to restoring more than four million hectares of degraded land.

UNDP reports approximately 75% of Kazakhstan’s agricultural soils affected by degradation and a 17% decline in potential soil fertility, citing the State Institute for Land Surveying.

A WJP score of 0.54 and rank 66/143 indicate meaningful rule-of-law gaps, while 132,778 criminal offenses were registered in 2024. The score uses these concrete measures without turning contested political labels into a penalty.

The Prosecutor General reported registered criminal offenses down 5% in 2024, homicides down 4% to 566, robberies down 24% and theft down 28%, while fraud and internet fraud increased.

The 2025 World Justice Project score for Kazakhstan was 0.54, ranking 66th of 143 countries and 5th of 15 in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

A 28.6% municipal recycling rate means the majority of the municipal waste stream still exits the recycling loop; the ministry’s 2030 target is 40%, showing the system is still in expansion rather than closed-loop maturity.

Kazakhstan collected 4.1 million tonnes of municipal waste in 2025, sorted 1.5 million tonnes, and the Ecology Ministry reports recycling rising from 25.8% in 2024 to 28.6% in 2025.