China 🇨🇳 · Country History

Visitor volume is documented; reliable family-reunification and lasting legal continuity are not established by these arrivals.

The refugee-law framework has significant institutional gaps and limited verified asylum pathways.

UNHCR carries refugee-status determination; basic rights and route to ordinary life differ from transit permissions.

Inbound visits and short-stay openings include visa-free entry; short visits alone do not establish settlement rights.

UNHCR’s current China profile reports roughly 1,160 persons of concern, including around 340 refugees, and separately notes 303,106 Indo-Chinese refugees who are de facto integrated pending regularization. Mainland China does not have a domestic asylum law and UNHCR conducts refugee-status determination. These facts are retained without converting refugee protection and short-term visa access into one welcome score.

China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score.

Pending asylum-seekers in China recorded by UNHCR: 482.00000000

Refugees in China recorded by UNHCR: 230.00000000

Countries eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit: 57.00000000

Foreign inbound trips under visa-free policies: 30.08000000

Inbound visits by foreigners: 35.17000000

Inbound visits to China: 154.50000000

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator.

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

Public libraries under national statistical reporting.

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips.

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower.

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

End-2025 permanent-resident urbanization rate; used as settlement concentration context, not as a direct measure of spatial freedom.

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

Annual 2025 average reported by NBS for employees of enterprises; this is an employed-enterprise measure, not a whole-population time-use measure.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

National household survey estimate; residence expenditure was 6,397 yuan per person and 21.7% of per-capita consumption expenditure.

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions.

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024.

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

National 2025 retention rate.

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000

NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan.

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator.

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

China, category 4, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator.

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

Public libraries under national statistical reporting.

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

China, category 11, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Public libraries under national statistical reporting.

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips.

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

China, category 8, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips.

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower.

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

China, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower.

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

End-2025 permanent-resident urbanization rate; used as settlement concentration context, not as a direct measure of spatial freedom.

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

China, category 10, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

End-2025 permanent-resident urbanization rate; used as settlement concentration context, not as a direct measure of spatial freedom.

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

China, category 13, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

Visitor volume is documented; reliable family-reunification and lasting legal continuity are not established by these arrivals.

The refugee-law framework has significant institutional gaps and limited verified asylum pathways.

UNHCR carries refugee-status determination; basic rights and route to ordinary life differ from transit permissions.

Inbound visits and short-stay openings include visa-free entry; short visits alone do not establish settlement rights.

UNHCR’s current China profile reports roughly 1,160 persons of concern, including around 340 refugees, and separately notes 303,106 Indo-Chinese refugees who are de facto integrated pending regularization. Mainland China does not have a domestic asylum law and UNHCR conducts refugee-status determination. These facts are retained without converting refugee protection and short-term visa access into one welcome score.

China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score.

Pending asylum-seekers in China recorded by UNHCR: 482.00000000

Refugees in China recorded by UNHCR: 230.00000000

Countries eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit: 57.00000000

Foreign inbound trips under visa-free policies: 30.08000000

Inbound visits by foreigners: 35.17000000

Inbound visits to China: 154.50000000

China, category 15, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Visitor volume is documented; reliable family-reunification and lasting legal continuity are not established by these arrivals.

The refugee-law framework has significant institutional gaps and limited verified asylum pathways.

UNHCR carries refugee-status determination; basic rights and route to ordinary life differ from transit permissions.

Inbound visits and short-stay openings include visa-free entry; short visits alone do not establish settlement rights.

UNHCR’s current China profile reports roughly 1,160 persons of concern, including around 340 refugees, and separately notes 303,106 Indo-Chinese refugees who are de facto integrated pending regularization. Mainland China does not have a domestic asylum law and UNHCR conducts refugee-status determination. These facts are retained without converting refugee protection and short-term visa access into one welcome score.

China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score.

Pending asylum-seekers in China recorded by UNHCR: 482.00000000

Refugees in China recorded by UNHCR: 230.00000000

Countries eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit: 57.00000000

Foreign inbound trips under visa-free policies: 30.08000000

Inbound visits by foreigners: 35.17000000

Inbound visits to China: 154.50000000

Annual 2025 average reported by NBS for employees of enterprises; this is an employed-enterprise measure, not a whole-population time-use measure.

China National Bureau of Statistics reports 48.6 hours weekly for employees of enterprises in 2025, excluding whole-population home labour and lacking a verified share above 55 hours.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

China, category 1, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Annual 2025 average reported by NBS for employees of enterprises; this is an employed-enterprise measure, not a whole-population time-use measure.

China National Bureau of Statistics reports 48.6 hours weekly for employees of enterprises in 2025, excluding whole-population home labour and lacking a verified share above 55 hours.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

National household survey estimate; residence expenditure was 6,397 yuan per person and 21.7% of per-capita consumption expenditure.

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

China, category 2, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National household survey estimate; residence expenditure was 6,397 yuan per person and 21.7% of per-capita consumption expenditure.

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions.

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

China, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions.

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024.

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

China, category 3, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024.

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

China, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

China, category 5, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

National 2025 retention rate.

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

China, category 7, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National 2025 retention rate.

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan.

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000

China, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan.

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000

China, category 4, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 4, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator.

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

UN SDG profile measure of at least basic drinking-water services; it is not the stricter safely-managed service indicator.

Rural domestic sewage treatment rate: 55.00000000

Rural tap-water coverage: 96.00000000

Safely treated domestic wastewater flows: 64.00000000

Population using safely managed sanitation services: 68.90000000

Population using basic sanitation services: 97.30000000

Population using basic drinking water services: 96.10000000

China, category 11, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 11, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Public libraries under national statistical reporting.

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

Public libraries under national statistical reporting.

The Trott Bailey Family civilization standard treats beauty as public infrastructure for ordinary families rather than decoration reserved for commercial or prestige districts. China’s large library, park, tourism and sports asset base is therefore read through everyday access and use, not asset count alone.

Urban park green space per capita: 15.90000000

Domestic tourism trips: 6.52000000

Sports venues: 5.00400000

Public-library visits: 1469.83000000

Public libraries: 3253.00000000

China, category 8, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips.

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

All-mode passenger traffic; NBS table reports 171.2 hundred-million person-trips.

Passenger transport turnover: 3554.56000000

Road traffic deaths per 10,000 vehicles: 1.25000000

Railway passenger traffic: 4.60000000

Total passenger traffic: 17.12000000

China, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: 2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower.

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

2025 total afforestation area; 0.83 million hectares were afforested by manpower.

National average PM2.5 concentration: 28.00000000

National parks: 5.00000000

National surface-water sections rated Grade I–III: 91.40000000

Prefecture-level and above cities meeting air-quality standard: 72.60000000

Grassland improved by planting/restoration measures: 4.93000000

Afforestation area: 3.56000000

China, category 10, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

End-2025 permanent-resident urbanization rate; used as settlement concentration context, not as a direct measure of spatial freedom.

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

End-2025 permanent-resident urbanization rate; used as settlement concentration context, not as a direct measure of spatial freedom.

The Distributed Founding Nuclei strategy treats land as living productive ground for homes, food, water, workshops and family capability. This authored standard is used to distinguish national territorial scale from ordinary family access to productive ground.

State-owned land supplied for real estate: 62.00000000

State-owned construction land supplied: 471.00000000

Urbanization rate of permanent residents: 67.89000000

China, category 13, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 13, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Official 2025 prosecution and work-safety data show falling serious-violent-crime prosecutions and accident deaths. The independent World Justice Project gives China a 2025 Rule of Law Index score around 0.48 and rank 92 of 143. These sources measure different things and are retained side by side rather than converted into a new political judgment score.

Change in serious violent crime prosecutions: -9.90000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index overall score: 0.48000000

Work-accident deaths in industrial, mining and commercial companies: 1.04000000

Deaths due to work accidents: 18261.00000000

People prosecuted for serious violent crimes including intentional homicide, robbery and kidnapping: 54.00000000

China, category 15, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 2: -25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Visitor volume is documented; reliable family-reunification and lasting legal continuity are not established by these arrivals.

The refugee-law framework has significant institutional gaps and limited verified asylum pathways.

UNHCR carries refugee-status determination; basic rights and route to ordinary life differ from transit permissions.

Inbound visits and short-stay openings include visa-free entry; short visits alone do not establish settlement rights.

UNHCR’s current China profile reports roughly 1,160 persons of concern, including around 340 refugees, and separately notes 303,106 Indo-Chinese refugees who are de facto integrated pending regularization. Mainland China does not have a domestic asylum law and UNHCR conducts refugee-status determination. These facts are retained without converting refugee protection and short-term visa access into one welcome score.

China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score.

Pending asylum-seekers in China recorded by UNHCR: 482.00000000

Refugees in China recorded by UNHCR: 230.00000000

Countries eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit: 57.00000000

Foreign inbound trips under visa-free policies: 30.08000000

Inbound visits by foreigners: 35.17000000

Inbound visits to China: 154.50000000

Visitor volume is documented; reliable family-reunification and lasting legal continuity are not established by these arrivals.

The refugee-law framework has significant institutional gaps and limited verified asylum pathways.

UNHCR carries refugee-status determination; basic rights and route to ordinary life differ from transit permissions.

Inbound visits and short-stay openings include visa-free entry; short visits alone do not establish settlement rights.

UNHCR’s current China profile reports roughly 1,160 persons of concern, including around 340 refugees, and separately notes 303,106 Indo-Chinese refugees who are de facto integrated pending regularization. Mainland China does not have a domestic asylum law and UNHCR conducts refugee-status determination. These facts are retained without converting refugee protection and short-term visa access into one welcome score.

China recorded 154.50 million inbound visits in 2025, including 35.17 million foreign visits and 30.08 million foreign trips under visa-free policies. As of August 20, 2026, 57 countries were eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit through 65 ports. UNHCR end-2025 data record 230 refugees and 482 pending asylum-seekers in China. These measures describe different travel and protection pathways and are not mechanically combined into a single welcome score.

Pending asylum-seekers in China recorded by UNHCR: 482.00000000

Refugees in China recorded by UNHCR: 230.00000000

Countries eligible for 240-hour visa-free transit: 57.00000000

Foreign inbound trips under visa-free policies: 30.08000000

Inbound visits by foreigners: 35.17000000

Inbound visits to China: 154.50000000

China, category 1, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Annual 2025 average reported by NBS for employees of enterprises; this is an employed-enterprise measure, not a whole-population time-use measure.

China National Bureau of Statistics reports 48.6 hours weekly for employees of enterprises in 2025, excluding whole-population home labour and lacking a verified share above 55 hours.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

Annual 2025 average reported by NBS for employees of enterprises; this is an employed-enterprise measure, not a whole-population time-use measure.

China National Bureau of Statistics reports 48.6 hours weekly for employees of enterprises in 2025, excluding whole-population home labour and lacking a verified share above 55 hours.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China examines 996-style work, long hours and the mismatch between economic production and time available for marriage, children and ordinary family life. It is retained as an explicitly authored interpretation layer beside official work-hour data.

Participants in maternity insurance: 259.66000000

Average urban surveyed unemployment rate: 5.20000000

Average weekly hours worked by enterprise employees: 48.60000000

China, category 2, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 2, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National household survey estimate; residence expenditure was 6,397 yuan per person and 21.7% of per-capita consumption expenditure.

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

National household survey estimate; residence expenditure was 6,397 yuan per person and 21.7% of per-capita consumption expenditure.

Peer-reviewed research on Chinese cities finds that rising housing prices can delay marriage, while later research on migrants also finds higher rents associated with delayed marriage. The evidence supports treating housing as family infrastructure rather than only construction output.

Government-subsidized housing units started or made available: 1.21000000

Large/medium cities with year-on-year new-home price decline: 65.00000000

Commercial residential floor space for sale: 402.36000000

Residential floor space completed: 428.30000000

Residence share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 21.70000000

China, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 6, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions.

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

End-2025 total, including 38 thousand hospitals and more than one million grass-root institutions.

Average outpatient visit cost: 357.70000000

Average hospital stay cost: 9768.90000000

Maternal mortality ratio: 13.40000000

Average life expectancy: 79.25000000

Residents able to reach nearby healthcare facility within 15 minutes: 90.00000000

Participants in basic medical insurance: 1330.68000000

Medical and health institutions: 1.10700000

China, category 3, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024.

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

Nationwide output from survey across all 31 provincial-level regions; up 1.2% from 2024.

Food, tobacco and liquor share of per-capita consumption expenditure: 29.30000000

Children under five moderately or severely stunted: 4.50000000

Prevalence of undernourishment: 2.50000000

Total grain production: 714.88000000

China, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 9, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Trott Bailey Family writing on China argues that industrial and economic capability should be judged partly by whether it returns usable time and practical conditions to marriage, parenting and family formation. This authored reading is shown separately from national statistics.

China’s universal two-child policy took effect in January 2016, ending the one-child-era national policy framework. The historical restriction is relevant to today’s age structure and family history, but the metric does not treat it as the sole cause of current low fertility; housing, work time, marriage timing and other factors are also documented.

Average family household size: 2.52000000

Marriage registrations: 6.76000000

Total fertility rate, UN medium estimate: 1.02090000

Natural population growth rate: -2.41000000

Crude birth rate: 5.63000000

Live births: 7.92000000

China: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. The guardianship/partnership mechanism described by some trackers is not civil marriage under the national Marriage and Family Civil Code. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 16, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

Published footprint statistics do not amount to a complete independent harm-remediation ledger.

Cross-border output and emissions footprint are substantial; financial volume alone cannot establish net non-extraction.

Local overseas employment is measured; independently verified recipient benefit across projects is not complete.

China documents substantial cross-border investment and overseas employment.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China’s full 2025 outbound-investment bulletin reports total outward direct investment flow of about US$213.58 billion, overseas investment stock around US$3.4 trillion, roughly 58,000 overseas enterprises across 189 countries and regions, and 2.965 million local/foreign employees in overseas enterprises. Consumption-based CO2 emissions were about 10.9 billion tonnes in 2023. These establish scale and employment footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual relationships are extractive or reciprocal.

China reported 1,040.4 billion yuan in non-financial outbound direct investment and 1,277.3 billion yuan in overseas contracted engineering revenue in 2025. Global Carbon Budget data report 10.9 billion tonnes of consumption-based CO2 emissions for 2023. These values establish scale and footprint but do not by themselves establish whether individual overseas relationships are extractive, reciprocal, beneficial or harmful.

Consumption-based CO2 emissions: 10.90000000

Share of overseas engineering revenue from Belt and Road countries: 85.40000000

Revenue from contracted overseas engineering projects: 1277.30000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment to Belt and Road countries: 283.40000000

Non-financial outbound direct investment: 1040.40000000

China, category 5, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

Preliminary 2025 estimate; up 3.6% from 2024.

Renewable generation share of electricity use: 38.50000000

Renewable installed power capacity: 2.33700000

Coal share of total energy consumption: 51.40000000

Clean energy share of total energy consumption: 30.40000000

Electricity generation: 10575.25000000

Total primary energy output: 5.13000000

China, category 7, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 7, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National 2025 retention rate. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National 2025 retention rate.

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

National 2025 retention rate.

Higher education gross enrollment ratio: 61.30000000

Enrollment in regular and vocational undergraduate programs: 39.54000000

Average years of schooling, population aged 16–59: 11.30000000

Senior secondary gross enrollment ratio: 92.00000000

Nine-year compulsory education retention rate: 96.10000000

China, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

China, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan.

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000

NDRC relays the China Association of Circular Economy report: 417 million tonnes recovered in 2025, up 4.1%, with recovery value of 1.39 trillion yuan.

Recycling sorting centers: 1800.00000000

Recycling collection points: 150000.00000000

Scrap steel share of production raw material: 27.00000000

Output value of the resource recycling industry: 5.00000000

Comprehensive utilization rate of bulk solid waste: 60.00000000

Recovery of 11 major recycled-resource categories: 417.00000000