For Türkiye, in 2025, housing and rent absorbed 29.3% of household consumption, transport 20.5%, and food and non-alcoholic beverages 17.3%. OECD also reports Turkish women spend about 5.2 times as much time as men on unpaid care and domestic work, while labour underutilization remained high. The combination shows substantial household time and cash are still required before ordinary life is secure.

For Türkiye, in 2025, housing and rent absorbed 29.3% of household consumption, transport 20.5%, and food and non-alcoholic beverages 17.3%. OECD also reports Turkish women spend about 5.2 times as much time as men on unpaid care and domestic work, while labour underutilization remained high. The combination shows substantial household time and cash are still required before ordinary life is secure.

For Türkiye, in 2025, housing and rent absorbed 29.3% of household consumption, transport 20.5%, and food and non-alcoholic beverages 17.3%. OECD also reports Turkish women spend about 5.2 times as much time as men on unpaid care and domestic work, while labour underutilization remained high. The combination shows substantial household time and cash are still required before ordinary life is secure.

For Türkiye, in 2025, housing and rent absorbed 29.3% of household consumption, transport 20.5%, and food and non-alcoholic beverages 17.3%. OECD also reports Turkish women spend about 5.2 times as much time as men on unpaid care and domestic work, while labour underutilization remained high. The combination shows substantial household time and cash are still required before ordinary life is secure.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

TÜİK reported that 31.3% of individuals experienced dwelling problems such as leaking roofs, damp or rot and 30.2% had heating problems linked to insulation. Housing and rent then rose to 29.3% of household consumption in 2025. Türkiye is simultaneously undertaking large earthquake-reconstruction and resilient-housing programmes, showing high capacity but incomplete shelter reach and durability.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

WFP describes Türkiye as a country where population-wide hunger is not the dominant condition, but where access to nutritious diets is uneven and malnutrition and obesity affect some groups. WFP has supported government work around a national school-meals programme, indicating meaningful public food capacity without evidence of universal free daily nourishment outside the money gate.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The 2025 WHO/UNICEF JMP report records very high basic water and sanitation coverage for Türkiye and 79% safely managed sanitation in 2024. National systems therefore provide broad physical reach, while the remaining safely managed gap, wastewater treatment, water losses and drought exposure keep the system below universal abundance.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

The IEA reports that renewables supplied 43% of Türkiye’s electricity generation in 2025 and that the country has modernised energy infrastructure and expanded clean-energy capacity. At the same time, energy demand is rising, coal and imported fuels remain important, and affordability support is still needed, so abundant capacity does not remove the household money gate.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye operates broad universal health coverage. OECD comparative data show population eligibility close to universal and relatively low out-of-pocket health spending as a share of household consumption. This gives health one of Türkiye’s strongest reach profiles, although specialist capacity, waiting time and regional differences mean care is not frictionless.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has broad education infrastructure and PISA 2025 science performance above the OECD average, but OECD reports that 31% of 18–24 year-olds were neither employed nor in education or training in 2025, more than twice the OECD average. Education therefore reaches widely while the conversion into stable human capability remains uneven.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye has extensive national roads, railways, airports and major-city transit systems, yet mobility carries substantial cost and safety friction. TÜİK recorded 6,035 road deaths in 2025 when deaths at the scene and within 30 days are combined, while transport took 20.5% of household consumption expenditure in 2025.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye remains strongly family-oriented, but the total fertility rate was 1.48 children per woman in 2025, far below replacement. Household size fell to 3.08 and one-person households reached 20.5%, while 193,793 couples divorced in 2025. The evidence suggests family attachment remains strong but material and social continuity is under pressure.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye has substantial physical land capacity: about half of land is agricultural and 29% forest, while 89% of the population lived in urban areas in 2024. The country therefore has extensive productive ground, but ordinary access to well-located housing, farmland and urban opportunity is still largely mediated through ownership, rent, finance and market price.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye had 664 museums in 2025 and museum and archaeological-site visits reached about 65.9 million. The Culture Ministry also maintains free public libraries, free internet/computer use in those libraries, and a list of museum and archaeological sites with free entry. These are genuine public-life abundance assets, though much cinema, music, tourism and leisure remains ticketed or subscription-based.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

Türkiye retains large forest, agricultural and protected landscapes and continues afforestation and protected-area programmes. OECD nevertheless identifies major climate, air-quality, freshwater, waste and biodiversity pressures, while the 2023 earthquakes and recurring wildfires show the scale of resilience demands. Active reconstruction and ecosystem investment improve return but do not erase those risks.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

The World Justice Project gave Türkiye an overall rule-of-law score of 0.41 and ranked it 118th of 143 countries in 2025. Its Order and Security factor was stronger at 0.71 and rank 79, showing that physical order and institutional rule-of-law reach do not move together. The resulting institutional friction materially reduces usable justice and confidence.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.

Türkiye has substantial waste collection and industrial processing capacity, but TÜİK reports that 85.1% of total waste covered by the statistics was disposed of in spoil areas, tailings dams or regular storage facilities in 2024, while only a small share was recovered through other routes. OECD likewise notes that most municipal waste still goes to landfill, leaving large room for repair, reuse and circular return.