Japan 🇯🇵 · Country History

Naturalisation permissions demonstrate a path to citizenship without proving universal accessible settlement.

Refugee recognition in 2025 was far smaller than applications; complementary and humanitarian permits must be counted separately.

Over 4.1 million foreign residents at end-2025 demonstrate genuine residence pathways but not free movement.

Japan lists short-stay visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions subject to conditions.

The Ministry of Justice recorded 9,258 naturalisation permissions in 2025. Naturalisation is one route to membership and is retained alongside, rather than substituted for, permanent residence, protection and ordinary migration evidence.

In 2025 Japan received 11,298 refugee-recognition applications. It recognized 187 people as refugees, 474 as complementary-protection beneficiaries and allowed 525 more to stay for humanitarian reasons, for 1,186 people allowed to remain through these protection/humanitarian routes.

Japan recorded 4,125,395 foreign residents at end-2025, up 9.5% and above four million for the first time. The same year recorded 42,430,930 foreign entrants. These figures show substantial international movement and residence but do not measure the lived ease of regularisation, family unity or long-term status.

Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open.

Naturalisation permissions: 9258.00000000

People recognized as refugees: 187.00000000

Refugee recognition applications: 11298.00000000

Foreign entrants: 42430930.00000000

Foreign residents: 4125395.00000000

Countries and regions under short-stay visa exemption: 74.00000000

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978.

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month.

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health.

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year.

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data.

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work.

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey.

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services.

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation.

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available.

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold.

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000

Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology.

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

Japan, category 4, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978.

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

Japan, category 11, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978.

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month.

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

Japan, category 8, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month.

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health.

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

Japan, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health.

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year.

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

Japan, category 10, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year.

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data.

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

Japan, category 13, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data.

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

Naturalisation permissions demonstrate a path to citizenship without proving universal accessible settlement.

Refugee recognition in 2025 was far smaller than applications; complementary and humanitarian permits must be counted separately.

Over 4.1 million foreign residents at end-2025 demonstrate genuine residence pathways but not free movement.

Japan lists short-stay visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions subject to conditions.

The Ministry of Justice recorded 9,258 naturalisation permissions in 2025. Naturalisation is one route to membership and is retained alongside, rather than substituted for, permanent residence, protection and ordinary migration evidence.

In 2025 Japan received 11,298 refugee-recognition applications. It recognized 187 people as refugees, 474 as complementary-protection beneficiaries and allowed 525 more to stay for humanitarian reasons, for 1,186 people allowed to remain through these protection/humanitarian routes.

Japan recorded 4,125,395 foreign residents at end-2025, up 9.5% and above four million for the first time. The same year recorded 42,430,930 foreign entrants. These figures show substantial international movement and residence but do not measure the lived ease of regularisation, family unity or long-term status.

Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open.

Naturalisation permissions: 9258.00000000

People recognized as refugees: 187.00000000

Refugee recognition applications: 11298.00000000

Foreign entrants: 42430930.00000000

Foreign residents: 4125395.00000000

Countries and regions under short-stay visa exemption: 74.00000000

Japan, category 15, beleshky 4: -25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 4: -25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Naturalisation permissions demonstrate a path to citizenship without proving universal accessible settlement.

Refugee recognition in 2025 was far smaller than applications; complementary and humanitarian permits must be counted separately.

Over 4.1 million foreign residents at end-2025 demonstrate genuine residence pathways but not free movement.

Japan lists short-stay visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions subject to conditions.

The Ministry of Justice recorded 9,258 naturalisation permissions in 2025. Naturalisation is one route to membership and is retained alongside, rather than substituted for, permanent residence, protection and ordinary migration evidence.

In 2025 Japan received 11,298 refugee-recognition applications. It recognized 187 people as refugees, 474 as complementary-protection beneficiaries and allowed 525 more to stay for humanitarian reasons, for 1,186 people allowed to remain through these protection/humanitarian routes.

Japan recorded 4,125,395 foreign residents at end-2025, up 9.5% and above four million for the first time. The same year recorded 42,430,930 foreign entrants. These figures show substantial international movement and residence but do not measure the lived ease of regularisation, family unity or long-term status.

Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open.

Naturalisation permissions: 9258.00000000

People recognized as refugees: 187.00000000

Refugee recognition applications: 11298.00000000

Foreign entrants: 42430930.00000000

Foreign residents: 4125395.00000000

Countries and regions under short-stay visa exemption: 74.00000000

OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work.

Japanese labour ministry publishes a 2025 Karoshi prevention white paper. Occupational overwork risk merits assessment beyond annual average paid hours, but population prevalence of coercive drinking cannot be presumed from a white paper alone.

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

Japan, category 1, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work.

Japanese labour ministry publishes a 2025 Karoshi prevention white paper. Occupational overwork risk merits assessment beyond annual average paid hours, but population prevalence of coercive drinking cannot be presumed from a white paper alone.

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey.

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

Japan, category 2, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey.

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services.

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

Japan, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services.

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation.

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Japan, category 3, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation.

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available.

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available.

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

Japan, category 5, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold.

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

Japan, category 7, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold.

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology.

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000

Japan, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology.

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000

Japan, category 4, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 4, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

OECD states that nearly 99% of the population has access to safe water; 99 is retained as an approximate published value, not false precision.

Population without access to wastewater-treatment facilities: 7.40000000

Wastewater-treatment coverage in municipalities below 50,000 population: 85.10000000

Wastewater-treatment population coverage: 94.00000000

Population with access to safe water: 99.00000000

Japan, category 11, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 11, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978.

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

Provisional count. MHLW said that if finalized at this level it would be the first year below 20,000 and the lowest since 1978.

Suicides, provisional annual count: 19097.00000000

National parks: 35.00000000

People who feel safe walking alone at night: 77.00000000

Average life satisfaction: 6.10000000

Japan, category 8, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 8, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month.

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

A one-month national transport-capacity snapshot, not an annual total. Passenger-kilometres were 37.492 billion in the same month.

Road traffic deaths: 2547.00000000

Shinkansen passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 38.20000000

Rail and tram passenger journeys, one-month snapshot: 2055.62200000

Japan, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 12, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health.

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

Qualitative national review retained as a limitation on interpreting protected-area and forest-cover quantities as complete ecological health.

Agricultural and marine ecosystems remain under pressure despite stabilization in forest, freshwater and urban ecosystem degradation.

Protected areas plus OECMs — marine and coastal: 13.30000000

Protected areas plus OECMs — terrestrial and inland water: 21.00000000

Forest and wildland share of total land area: 66.30000000

Forest and wildland area: 24.75000000

Japan, category 10, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 2: +0/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 10, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year.

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

National paddy and upland cultivated area; down 33,000 hectares (0.8%) from the previous year.

Agricultural committee permission or an approved farmland-intermediary plan is generally required; an unauthorized Farm Act Article 3 transfer is invalid.

Average operated farmland per agricultural management entity: 3.60000000

Cultivated land area: 4.23900000

Japan, category 13, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 13, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data.

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

External comparative index; used as one institutional-capacity signal, not treated as official Japanese government data.

Correctional institution occupancy rate: 49.90000000

Homicide rate: 0.20000000

World Justice Project Rule of Law Index global rank: 15.00000000

Japan, category 15, beleshky 4: -25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 4: -25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 15, beleshky 1: +50/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Naturalisation permissions demonstrate a path to citizenship without proving universal accessible settlement.

Refugee recognition in 2025 was far smaller than applications; complementary and humanitarian permits must be counted separately.

Over 4.1 million foreign residents at end-2025 demonstrate genuine residence pathways but not free movement.

Japan lists short-stay visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions subject to conditions.

The Ministry of Justice recorded 9,258 naturalisation permissions in 2025. Naturalisation is one route to membership and is retained alongside, rather than substituted for, permanent residence, protection and ordinary migration evidence.

In 2025 Japan received 11,298 refugee-recognition applications. It recognized 187 people as refugees, 474 as complementary-protection beneficiaries and allowed 525 more to stay for humanitarian reasons, for 1,186 people allowed to remain through these protection/humanitarian routes.

Japan recorded 4,125,395 foreign residents at end-2025, up 9.5% and above four million for the first time. The same year recorded 42,430,930 foreign entrants. These figures show substantial international movement and residence but do not measure the lived ease of regularisation, family unity or long-term status.

Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open.

Naturalisation permissions: 9258.00000000

People recognized as refugees: 187.00000000

Refugee recognition applications: 11298.00000000

Foreign entrants: 42430930.00000000

Foreign residents: 4125395.00000000

Countries and regions under short-stay visa exemption: 74.00000000

Naturalisation permissions demonstrate a path to citizenship without proving universal accessible settlement.

Refugee recognition in 2025 was far smaller than applications; complementary and humanitarian permits must be counted separately.

Over 4.1 million foreign residents at end-2025 demonstrate genuine residence pathways but not free movement.

Japan lists short-stay visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions subject to conditions.

The Ministry of Justice recorded 9,258 naturalisation permissions in 2025. Naturalisation is one route to membership and is retained alongside, rather than substituted for, permanent residence, protection and ordinary migration evidence.

In 2025 Japan received 11,298 refugee-recognition applications. It recognized 187 people as refugees, 474 as complementary-protection beneficiaries and allowed 525 more to stay for humanitarian reasons, for 1,186 people allowed to remain through these protection/humanitarian routes.

Japan recorded 4,125,395 foreign residents at end-2025, up 9.5% and above four million for the first time. The same year recorded 42,430,930 foreign entrants. These figures show substantial international movement and residence but do not measure the lived ease of regularisation, family unity or long-term status.

Japan maintains visa exemptions for 74 countries and regions for short stays, with nationality-specific conditions and durations. This is meaningful entry capacity but is not treated as evidence that ordinary migration, family settlement or long-term belonging is equally open.

Naturalisation permissions: 9258.00000000

People recognized as refugees: 187.00000000

Refugee recognition applications: 11298.00000000

Foreign entrants: 42430930.00000000

Foreign residents: 4125395.00000000

Countries and regions under short-stay visa exemption: 74.00000000

Japan, category 1, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 1, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work.

Japanese labour ministry publishes a 2025 Karoshi prevention white paper. Occupational overwork risk merits assessment beyond annual average paid hours, but population prevalence of coercive drinking cannot be presumed from a white paper alone.

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

OECD reports Japan at 1,788 hours in 2024 versus an OECD average of 1,736. This is an annual national comparison, not a measure of unpaid household work.

Japanese labour ministry publishes a 2025 Karoshi prevention white paper. Occupational overwork risk merits assessment beyond annual average paid hours, but population prevalence of coercive drinking cannot be presumed from a white paper alone.

Employees working 60+ hours among those working 40+ hours: 7.70000000

Annual paid-leave acquisition rate: 66.90000000

Average annual hours worked: 1788.00000000

Japan, category 2, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 2, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey.

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

Final national housing-stock total from the five-year Housing and Land Survey.

People identified in official visual homelessness count: 2481.00000000

Vacant dwellings as share of stock: 13.80000000

Vacant dwellings: 9002.00000000

Total dwellings: 65047.00000000

Japan, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 6, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services.

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

OECD reports all of the population covered for a core set of services.

Satisfied with availability of quality healthcare: 80.00000000

Life expectancy: 84.10000000

Health spending covered by mandatory prepayment: 85.00000000

Population covered for core health services: 100.00000000

Japan, category 3, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 3, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation.

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Average for two-or-more-person households. It is an expenditure-burden signal, not a direct national measure of food deprivation.

Estimated food loss: 4.64000000

Food share of consumption expenditure, two-or-more-person households: 28.30000000

Intake-energy food self-sufficiency: 45.00000000

Calorie-based food self-sufficiency: 37.00000000

Japan, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 4: -50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 3: -75/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 2: +25/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 9, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available.

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Final 2025 birth count; lowest since the comparable series began. The final release notes that fertility rates will be recalculated when 2025 Census denominators are available.

Children on childcare waiting lists: 2254.00000000

Childcare-service capacity: 3.03000000

Total fertility rate: 1.14000000

Births: 671236.00000000

Japan: no generally available nationwide domestic same-sex civil marriage is recorded in the cited legal-status review as of 2026-10-09. Some municipalities offer partnership certificates, but that is not a nationwide civil marriage; current court challenges and recognition debates must be checked at re-audit. This is a legal-classification reading only; it does not prove demographic causation.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 4: +0/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 3: +0/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 16, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

ODA reporting exists; net environmental and project-level repair remain incompletely demonstrated.

Demand-based emissions exceed territorial emissions, showing outsourced embedded emissions.

2024 ODA was 58.4% loans, so financing terms and recipient benefit matter.

Japan provided about US$16.2 billion ODA in 2025.

Japan imported JPY 9.8431 trillion of agricultural products in 2025. The six largest supplier countries accounted for about 60% of imports, and 99.8% of wheat imports came from Canada, the United States and Australia. This establishes physical external dependence; it does not establish environmental or labour harm in supplier countries without separate attributable evidence.

OECD preliminary data put Japan’s 2025 ODA at USD 16.2 billion, equal to 0.35% of GNI. In 2024, 41.6% of ODA was grants and 58.4% loans, the highest loan share among DAC members. This records positive contribution and financing structure without assuming every programme has the same local benefit or burden.

OECD reports that Japan’s demand-based greenhouse-gas emissions are higher than its production-based emissions, meaning Japan is a net importer of emissions embodied in final demand. This is attributable footprint evidence, but it does not identify which individual overseas projects or suppliers should be assigned causal responsibility.

Wheat imports sourced from Canada, United States and Australia: 99.80000000

Agricultural imports: 9.84310000

ODA provided as loans: 58.40000000

ODA as share of GNI: 0.35000000

Official development assistance: 16.20000000

Demand-based GHG emissions are higher than production-based emissions; OECD therefore describes Japan as a net importer of GHG emissions embodied in final demand.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 4: +25/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 3: -50/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 5, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

IEA-basis self-sufficiency rate; METI notes it remains low despite improving from post-2011 lows.

Energy-related CO2 emissions: 0.92000000

Thermal share of electricity generation: 68.60000000

Renewable share of electricity generation: 22.90000000

Energy self-sufficiency rate: 15.30000000

Japan, category 7, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 4: +75/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 2: +75/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 7, beleshky 1: +100/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold.

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

National PISA sample of 15-year-old students; Level 2 is the OECD baseline proficiency threshold.

Elementary and junior-high students classified as nonattending: 353970.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in science: 92.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in reading: 86.00000000

Students at PISA Level 2+ in mathematics: 88.00000000

Japan, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 4: +50/100 for Return / durability of family benefit. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 3: -25/100 for Friction / household burdens. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 2: +50/100 for Reach / real access. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Japan, category 14, beleshky 1: +75/100 for Capacity / practical capability. Evidence context: Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology. This is a transparent TBF interpretive rating. The cited context does not establish an independently measured percentage of people receiving complete free service.

Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology.

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000

Excludes disaster-waste disposal subsidized by the national government under the series methodology.

Waste incineration plants with power generation: 415.00000000

Municipal waste sent to landfill: 3.06000000

Municipal waste recycling rate: 19.30000000

Municipal waste generated per person per day: 839.00000000

Municipal solid waste generated: 38.11000000